ICHABOD, THE GLORY HAS DEPARTED - explores the Age of Apostasy, predicted in 2 Thessalonians 2:3, to attack Objective Faithless Justification, Church Growth Clowns, and their ringmasters. The antidote to these poisons is trusting the efficacious Word in the Means of Grace. John 16:8. Isaiah 55:8ff. Romans 10. Most readers are WELS, LCMS, ELS, or ELCA. This blog also covers the Roman Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodoxy, and the Left-wing, National Council of Churches denominations.
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Bethany Lutheran Church P.O. Box 6561 Springdale AR 72766 Reformation Seminary Lectures USA, Canada, Australia, Philippines 10 AM Central - Sunday Service
We use The Lutheran Hymnal and the King James Version
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Saturday, November 27, 2010
Paul Kuske on the Ever-Changing Attitude of WELS/LCMS/LCMS on Fellowship with Fuller
twissted_sisster has left a new comment on your post "Fuller Theological Seminary alums: Rob Bell « Chur...":
WELS Lutherans taking classes, earning degrees, and even attending seminars at Fuller seem foreign to what I was taught while at student at MLS. I remember clearly when the question of fellowship came up in our religion class, taught by none other than Prof. Paul Kuske. One of my classmates was a member of the LC-MS and someone asked how can we pray with her, a member of another Lutheran synod. The answer we were told was that it was okay because we were not praying with her, she was praying with US. The things that pass for kosher these days would have been unacceptable what seems like a few short years ago. What has changed? Everything except God's Word.
Someone Thanked Ichabod - Really Bruce Church - For the Coverage on Seminary Tuition Swindles
You will feel so much better.
Someone wrote to thank this blog for the coverage about Lutheran seminary tuition swindle, especially in the Missouri Synod.
The first part is telling men that there are 600 vacancies in the LCMS. That lie has been spread about for the last 20+ years. I heard it in the 1980s.
The second part is leading students along until their last penny is spent, with the wives working to keep the whole system funded. At the end the seminary denies men a chance for a call.
They also find multiple excuses to keep men from finishing seminary, not allowing a repeat vicarage year, not even allowing a return to the seminary or the other one to make up for alleged deficiencies.
Bruce Church has posted all the research on this. I received the thank-you, but it really belongs to him.
Missourians - your benevolence money is NOT at work. It arrives at the district office and stays there. The statistics are appalling.
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bruce-church (https://bruce-church.myopenid.com/) has left a new comment on your post "Someone Thanked Ichabod - Really Bruce Church - Fo...":
Thanks for the compliment! Glad it helped. The pages on the seminary costs are here:
http://ichabodthegloryhasdeparted.blogspot.com/2010/10/boomers-got-their-cheap-seminary.html
Spreadsheets are downloadable here. (Don't try to view them on Scribd though due to browser/server rendering errors):
http://www.scribd.com/bruce_church
Fuller Theological Seminary alums: Tony Jones « Churchmouse Campanologist
Fuller Theological Seminary alums: Tony Jones « Churchmouse Campanologist
Fuller Theological Seminary alums: Tony Jones
November 26, 2010 in Evangelical, Protestant | Tags: emergent church, Evangelical,Fuller Theological Seminary, Protestant, Tony Jones
Tony Jones not only earned his M. Div. from Fuller Theological Seminary but is now one of their adjunct professors at the Lowell W. Berry Center for Lifelong Learning.
Since 2008, he has been the ‘theologian-in-residence’ at emergent Doug Pagitt‘s church — rather, ‘holistic, missional, Christian community’ — Solomon’s Porch, in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Jones and Pagitt co-founded and co-own JoPa Productions. JoPa has organised emergent events and has since branched into multi- and social media consulting and training.
I probably should have used one of Jones’s recent ‘mean and moody’ photies, but you can catch enough of those on his blog and related sites.
Fuller course in 2011
In June 2011, Jones will be leading the D.Min. cohort in Christian Spirituality(emphases mine throughout):
Year One:
Co-taught with Lauren Winner (& Featuring Phyllis Tickle)
Co-taught with Lauren Winner (& Featuring Phyllis Tickle)
… Tony Jones will work with the students to develop a personal “theology of Christian spirituality” which will guide the student throughout the course of study. Phyllis Tickle, compiler of The Divine Hoursand general editor of the Ancient Practices Series will also guest lecture in the class.
Year Two:
Co-taught with Brian McLaren
Co-taught with Brian McLaren
In the second year, the class will meet in Minnesota and explore the connection between Christianity spirituality and nature, including possible forays into the north woods and Boundary Water Area Wilderness, with a special emphasis on Jürgen Moltmann’s theology of creation. Brian McLaren, long-time pastor and author of many books will join the class for the canoe trip, and he will teach from his long-time passion for creation care and the spirituality of the wilderness.
Poll: Most under 35 never heard of King James Bible
Poll: Most under 35 never heard of King James Bible
Posted: November 26, 2010
11:45 pm Eastern
Poll: Most under 35 never heard of King James Bible
'Yet this is work far more influential than Shakespeare in spread of English'
Posted: November 26, 2010
11:45 pm Eastern
By Bob Unruh
© 2010 WorldNetDaily
© 2010 WorldNetDaily
Reproduction of original King James Bible |
A new poll taken for the occasion of the 400thanniversary of the King James Bible reveals that a majority of those under 35 in the United Kingdomdon't even know about the work, which has been described as a significant part of the estimated 100 million Bible sales annually, making it the best best-seller, ever.
"Yet this is a work which was far more influential than Shakespeare in the development and spread of English," a spokesman for the King James BibleTrust told the Christian Institute in a recent report.
The Christian Institute's report said the translation, which will celebrate its 400th anniversary next year, was the subject of a poll commissioned by the Bible Trust, and a spokesman said it was clear "there has been a dramatic drop in knowledge in a generation."
The results revealed that 51 percent of those under 35 never have heard of the King JamesBible, compared to 28 percent of those over the age of 35.
The institute reported that Labour Member of Parliament Frank Field said, "It is not possible to comprehend fully Britain's historical, linguistic or religious development without an understanding of this great translation."
According to officials who are working on a series of events marking the 400th year of the King James Bible, work on the translation into English of God's Word started in 1604 at the request of King James I. Work continued on the project until 1611, when the team of 47 of the top Bible scholars of the time finished their work.
UOJ Is Like Magic - Misdirection of the Mind, Not Eyes
Mid-week Advent services? Clearly not Emergent Church!
Magic is nothing more than misdirection of the eyes. I enjoy watching live magic acts, because I know what they are doing. I look at the bulky clothes, the flowing capes, the large capacity hats.
The magician gets the audience to look one way while he does something quickly and without notice. (Without notice is a litotes. See the post below.)
Universal Objective Justification is misdirection of the mind, and it works.
UOJ uses a simple technique, blending two different terms from the Bible.
The first term is the Atonement, which has many synonyms in the New Testament: ransom, redemption as purchase, redemption as being set free, propitiation, and expiation. These words all express the crucifixion of Christ, paying for the sins of the world.
The second term is justification. This is not the same action or concept. Justification expresses how God declares us forgiven through faith in Jesus, which means trust in the atoning death of Christ.
The UOJ magicians unite the terms without distinguishing them, so that the Atonement of Christ becomes the absolution of the world, every single person being declared guilt-free. The efficacious Word is forgotten. The Means of Grace are omitted. Faith is suddenly bad, even though it is the most frequently found word in the New Testament.
Their UOJ magic is so dazzling that the magicians find themselves confused. They have to invent two justifications - one without faith (their favorite, UOJ), one with faith (although faith is bad in their darkened minds). Since this is an obvious attack on the clarity and efficacy of the Word, the magicians have to deny they are juggling two justifications. Oh no, the two justifications are really two sides of the same coin. Justification is a coin. They always get back to money.
Two become one. That reminds me of the Ted Kennedy Professor of Safe Driving and Worship, who once saw identical twin boys in a stroller. Straightening up and trying to look sober, he said to the mother, "What a beautiful boy!"
UOJ has had almost a century to polish its act, so there are many automatic responses to justification by faith. To wit
- :
- "If I do not say I am already forgiven before I believe, I make God out to be a liar." Pity the man who cannot distinguish the cross from justification by faith. The two are not the same. The statement is foolish and slanderous at the same time.
- "UOJ protects the Gospel." Unfortunately, this error comes from Hoenecke, a product of Halle University. The Word of God belongs to God alone and does not need protection. The Word is a double-edged sword and shield, with divine power to convert and harden, to enlighten and to blind.
- "Your faith is in faith." This shopworn accusation fails to acknowledge that faith is in Christ, in the Word, in the mercy and grace of God toward sinners. The UOJ Calvinists are using the Calvinists' argument against the Arminians, proving once again that UOJ descends from Pietism, Pietism from Calvinism, Calvinism from Enthusiasm.
- "Both sides are talking past each other." If that is so, then why does the UOJ faction constantly parade its favorite Syn Conference articles in front of the public while refusing to deal with objections to its false doctrine? Inventing a false unity is one of the sure signs of unionism, as Reu wrote. WELS Pastor Tim Glende denounces Reu because Reu did not live long enough to plagiarize Groeschel. In fact, the Germans were in awe of Reu's scholarship. He traveled from America and ate their lunch in catechetical studies, in their language! Someone who copies and pastes from LifeChurch.tv would not know that.
WELS, Little Sect, and Missouri Are Mainline Denominations - Epic Fail Mode.
Litotes* Is Your Word of the Day
The Little Three (WELS, LCMS, ELS) are dwarfed by ELCA, so they covet the prestige and money of their big, disease-riddled sister. All four work together, always according to ELCA's rules.
All four are failing together, for the same reason. The symptoms are similar because the cause is identical - turning away from the Word of God - apostasy.
First of all, the four refuse to admit that they abandoned the Scriptures and Confessions many years ago. That kind of honesty is not allowed at any level. They posture about being unique, different, and better than the alternatives, but they are just slightly different flavors of the same blend.
They pretend to teach, but there is no teaching where doctrine is set aside for the easy, smooth way. The surest indication of that is the refusal to identify false doctrine. If a congregation or denomination cannot identify false doctrine, it rapidly descends into apostasy.
There is far more integrity in a Calvinist or Baptist group that condemns Lutheran doctrine than in a Lutheran group that refuses to acknowledge it is teaching anti-Lutheran principles. If a Calvinist denomination sorts out what is Calvinistic and what is Lutheran, it will remain Calvinistic. If a Lutheran group refuses to distinguish between the good, the bad, and the ugly, it will turn rabidly anti-Lutheran - and all the established Lutheran synods are now rabidly anti-Lutheran, including those micro-mini shards left over from various battles.
Jesus clearly distinguished between His doctrine and the doctrine of devils. As Luther pointed out many times--remember him from your annual Reformation service?--the antagonism of the opponents came from Jesus teaching faith in Him. He compared the righteousness of faith in Him with the works-righteousness of the Pharisees. He called them blind guides, hypocrites, and white-washed sepulchers full of dead men's bones.
Jesus identified the synodical leaders of today as wolves in sheep's clothing, thistles promising a harvest of figs, as David Valleskey did - to the applause of his fellow wolves. Missouri voted out their Church Growth fanatic president (Kieschnick) and subsequently voted overwhelmingly to continue working with ELCA.
The Bible uses exclusionary words to keep people from creating and enlarging loopholes in doctrine. Its simple eloquences shows us God's will with great clarity.
KJV John 14:6 Jesus saith unto him, I am the way, the truth, and the life: no man cometh unto the
Father, but by me.
This is a litotes, or double negative, a method of expressing a positive message without exceptions. (Without exceptions is also a litotes.) Can Moses be The Way, The Truth, and The Life? No. Can Mohammed or Buddha? No.
KJV Acts 4:11 This is the stone which was set at nought of you builders, which is become the head of the corner. 12 Neither is there salvation in any other: for there is none other name under heaven given among men, whereby we must be saved.
This is another litotes - no salvation can be found in any other person except Jesus. This statement also excludes the candidates frequently mentioned as the source of salvation. The issue is not whether we agree with the herd that salvation is found here, there, and everywhere, but whether we agree with and confess what the Word of God teaches without contradiction, without error, without fail. The last three are also litotes.
How does Jesus come to us, so that we believe in Him and have everlasting life? Romans 10 makes it clear that preaching the Gospel causes faith, that faith is salvation. The Word of God is the Means of Grace.
Isaiah 55 excludes any other Means of Grace, since God binds His Holy Spirit to the Word and excludes exceptions:
KJV Isaiah 55:8 For my thoughts are not your thoughts, neither are your ways my ways, saith the LORD.
[This eliminates man's wisdom and experience from the lesson. Neither one applies. Begone rationalism and the magisterial use of reason. The Word judges man's reason, not the other way around.]
9 For as the heavens are higher than the earth, so are my ways higher than your ways, and my thoughts than your thoughts.
[Verse 9 repeats the same thought in another form, which God does in His Word, so the conclusion is unmistakable. Unmistakable is another litotes.]
10 For as the rain cometh down, and the snow from heaven, and returneth not thither,
but watereth the earth, and maketh it bring forth and bud, that it may give seed to the sower, and bread to the eater:
[This is an analogy, revealing to us that the Word of God is like rain and snow. God's analogies are always clear and precise. When man makes up an analogy or metaphor, like comparing the Holy Trinity to a three-leafed clover, the expression will never be completely adequate because it originates with man rather than God. False teachers set aside God's analogies for their own.]
11 So shall my word be that goeth forth out of my mouth: it shall not return unto me void, but it
shall accomplish that which I please, and it shall prosper in the thing whereto I sent it.
[The analogy is clear to anyone in any language. The Word of God is like rain and snow in three respects. The work of God is almost always expressed in groups of three, to remind us of the Trinity.
1. The Word shall not return void. This is another litotes, teaching us that the Word is always effective, without fail. Without fail is another litotes.
2. The work accomplished by the Word of God is always God-pleasing.
3. God's Word will accomplish His purpose in abundance and power. The Word will save multitudes who trust in the merits of Christ and condemn multitudes who do not. The Word will open the eyes of those who listen to the Gospel in sincerity and cling to its message, but blind those who judge and condemn the saving work of Jesus. The Word will convert unbelievers and harden the hearts of those who oppose His will.]
The alleged Lutherans of today cannot teach this to save their souls, whether they are in the grab-bag of ELCA or the remnants of the Synodical Conference. One can only guess what the departing groups from ELCA (LCMC, NALC) will teach, besides "We are not ELCA." I wonder how they can ordain women and call themselves Biblical. They will have to teach people that the Word of God is unclear, confusing, and full of contradictions, which will lead them back to ELCA-land in one generation.
A Lutheran, without the benefit of the Book of Concord, will necessarily teach salvation by Christ alone. He will also confess that Jesus comes to us through the Word alone, whether through the invisible Word of teaching and preaching or the visible Word of the Sacraments. Man is justified by faith alone, apart from the works of the Law.
If an ordained Lutheran minister cannot confess these simple truths, he is not a Lutheran. If he cannot denounce and repudiate false doctrine, he is not a Confessional Lutheran, even if he favors that title for himself.
The Synodical Conference leaders do their share of repudiation, and they discipline with a meat-axe. But they only punish people for disturbing the smooth operation of the corporation. They admonish attitude, not doctrine. Lupine leaders like ovine followers.
Nothin' says lovin' like mutton in the oven.
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*
(Elizabeth McCutcheon, "Denying the Contrary: More's Use of Litotes in the Utopia," in Essential Articles for the Study of Thomas More, 1977)
Labels:
Means of Grace
Fuller Theological Seminary alums: Rob Bell « Churchmouse Campanologist
Fuller Theological Seminary alums: Rob Bell « Churchmouse Campanologist
Fuller Theological Seminary alums: Rob Bell
November 25, 2010 in Evangelical, Protestant | Tags: emergent church, Evangelical,Fuller Theological Seminary, Protestant, Rob Bell
Rob Bell, 40, is one of Fuller Theological Seminary‘s top alums and a big name in the Emergent Church.
Beginnings
He founded Mars Hill Bible Church in Grand Rapids, Michigan, a city better known as a centre of Reformed (Calvinist) theology in the United States. His father, Robert Holmes Bell, is a US Federal Judge, first appointed in Ronald Reagan’s second administration in 1987.
Like his father, Rob earned his Bachelor’s degree at Wheaton College in Illinois. Whilst there, he was part of an indie rock band and also met his future wife, Kristen. He got his start in the ministry after volunteering to teach a Christian message to the counsellors at the college’s Honey Rock Camp when no minister was available. At that time, he said, the Holy Spirit gave him a message about ‘rest’. From that point on, he decided to pursue a calling in the church.
That compelled him to earn an M.Div. from Fuller and serve as a youth intern at Lake Avenue Church. After he earned his degree, Bell and his wife returned to Grand Rapids, where he took the Saturday evening service at Calvary Chapel. At the age of 29, he decided to break out on his own by founding the Mars Hill Bible Church. Within a year, the congregation moved to what was a disused anchor store in a local mall.
In addition to his highly successful church ministry, he also makes short films. The series is called NOOMA, the phonetic American pronunciation of pneuma, signifying the Holy Spirit. (Here in the UK, we would say ‘NEWMA‘.) He also tours the country to sell-out crowds. His books include Velvet Elvis, Sex Godand Drops Like Stars.
Start with Barth
According to someone who knows and told Ken Silva of Apprising Ministries, Bell was more of a John MacArthur style preacher when he served at Calvary Chapel. Then, he and his wife read one of Brian McLaren’s books, A New Kind of Christian. From that point, he rejected sola Scriptura. He believes that the Bible needs reinterpretation. He also said that the more one studies the Bible, the more questions it raises.
How do the ministers from the Emergent Church come to think that way? Silva puts it down to the influence of Modernism, then Karl Barth. Whilst Barth advocated a neo-orthodoxy, which in some way redressed Modernism, he did reject sola Scriptura and biblical inerrancy. For him, Scripture contained words of God, not the Word of God. Bell, too, rejects the truth of Scripture and loves the confusion his questions bring him. Yet, for many of us, myself included, it was actually believing what the Bible said which brought a sense of relief and deepened our belief.
Divine dirt clods
Bell borrowed a phrase from Marianne Williamson and attributed it to Nelson Mandela. One can imagine that his congregation lapped it up. Ken Silva tells us:
If you’re still tracking with (in English that’s following) me I return your attention now to the supposed ”Mandela” quote where Guru Bell tells us “you may be a dirt clod, but there is greatness and power and glory that resides in every single human being.” Why is that; because ”this divine breath is in every single human being ever.” And what has Bell taught us all along; that “breath” is spirit—it’s the heart of his whole shtick right down to “Nooma” …
… as previously pointed out in Rob Bell and New Age Guru Marianne Williamson those words were actually penned by New Age Priestess Marianne Williamson in her book A Return to Love: Reflections on the Principles of “A Course in Miracles“.
What about homosexuals?
Scripturally speaking, there is only one way to truthfully respond when asked if a homosexual can continue his liaisons and become a Christian. Yet, Bell obfuscates:
The Bible is very clear that the practice of homosexuality is a sin (see—Romans 1:26-27; 1 Corinthians 6:9-10) and for someone to become a Christian they must repent of [i.e. forsake, turn away from] their sin (see—Mark 1:14-15; Acts 20:21). But unfortunately an honest question to Rob Bell and MHBC on such a crucial issue of our time was met with a mere form letter from a “michelle” …
Then the recipient of this form letter from michelle of “Mars Hill Communications” is told:
We care deeply how Scripture is interpreted and how to discern living the way of Jesus, and in encountering differing viewpoints it is our aim to agree or disagree in love, keeping central a shared desire to know God and serve Jesus Christ. Regarding your comments or questions, we’d like to direct you to our mission http://www.marshill.org/mission, Narrative Theology http://www.marshill.org/believe,Directions http://www.marshill.org/believe/directions[shared values], and serving focushttp://www.marshill.org/serving, available at marshill.org. You might also find our recent audio teachings http://www.marshill.org/teaching/podcast.php and archived series http://www.marshill.org/teaching/other.phpas well as Rob Bell’s recommended reading list http://www.marshill.org/about/rob/recommendedReadingList.phpto be beneficial.
After all, I’m constantly told how Jesus-centered and Biblical Bell’s teaching is; well Rob Bell, where do you stand; because Jesus answers the question—No.
Judge not
About online criticism, Bell had this to say:
When a Christian can find nothing better to do with their time [than criticize]…you start realizing that some Christians need to be saved. How a person would have energy to take shots at other Christians is just mind-boggling. You have to be so disconnected from the pain of the world to think that blogging is somehow a redemptive use of your time.
That sort of response doesn’t surprise me in the slightest. I’m delighted that Ken Silva blogged (!) the following:
This would make me one whom Bell called “disconnected” from life because in his fickle fantasy I would only be thinking about how “blogging is somehow a redemptive use” of my time. But instead it looks like Bell’s entered the doghouse yet again feeling he’s just “a little more relevant” because he and his “tribe cares more about the poor” etc., etc. while buying into the myth that those who hold the doctrines of grace like me don’t have any such concerns.
And this is what an Anglican priest pretty much published in a parish newsletter a few weeks ago. Paraphrased: ‘God doesn’t care about your religiosity or your doctrinal belief; He cares about what you do.’ Deeds, not creeds! Oh, we have so much in this world to DO! And you can’t redeem yourself in His sight unless your DOING things in His name. (That is, things which the church approves. Blogging isn’t one of them, because your pastor cannot see what you are doing.) Wrong … it’s about living a life of faith through grace. Our pitiful works alone cannot save us.
Hell defined
Bell is into utopia, always a bad sign. Ken Silva explains:
Bell makes it clear that he is more concerned with “hell on earth” than with what happens after this life: “What’s disturbing then is when people talk more about hell after this life than they do about hell here and now” …
Bell’s teaching that heaven and hell come to earth depending on how we live now simply is not biblical. He says, “As a Christian, I want to do what I can to resist hell coming to earth. Poverty, injustice, suffering – they are all hells on earth, and as Christians we oppose them with all our energies.” [7] But the term for hell, Gehenna, is used 12 times in the New Testament, 11 of them by Jesus. Not once did He use the term to describe something that is now on earth or now coming to earth.
But, then, Bell’s not interested in biblical truths, just a social activist interpretation.
How evangelical is Bell?
Bell is a hero to the mystical interspiritual set who in their deluded spiritual pride think their neo-Gnostic meditation powwows ofContemplative/Centering Prayer will eventually unite all religions. But this now begs the question: If the so-called crossing of ”traditional boundaries of religious groups to build stronger communities” really was the message of Jesus Christ and His Apostles then why were all of them, save John, murdered? They should have been as revered as Bell is. But you should now be able to understand why we’re experiencing such a diluting of doctrine; you see, if they were to teach in straight Biblical purity it wouldn’t make them very good role models at all for these fickle “faith heroes.”
‘Nothing new under the sun’
Another pastor, the Revd Casey Freswick of Bethany United Reformed Church in Wyoming, Michigan, writes of Bell’s errors:
Ultimately, Rob Bell does not repaint the Christian faith. He paints a picture that is not a picture of the Christian faith or the truth of Christianity. But his new picture of error is not really new at all. It is old error. It is old false teaching. It is the same old errors of the past repainted. Rob Bell forsakes truth. He rejects it. He deceives. He is a false teacher. He repaints the errors of the past…
Rob Bell has embraced these and other errors and merged them into postmodernism, an anti-Christian philosophy teaching the impossibility of absolute truth. Both postmodern 21st century philosophy and 20th century “modern liberalism” have influenced Rob Bell. A more appropriate title for Rob Bell’s painting, his “Velvet Elvis”, is “Postmodern Liberalism” …
One key aspect of liberalism embraced by Rob Bell is the false view of the life of Jesus replacing faith in Jesus. For Bell “Christian” describes those devoted “to living the way of the Messiah, who they believed was Jesus. A person who follows Jesus … A way of life centered around a person who lives.” He writes, “I am far more interested in jumping than I am in arguing about whose trampoline is better.” What we do is essential, not what we believe.
It is hard to fathom someone professing a love for Christ yet rolling around in all that error. I, too, embraced a lot of this before it was loosely codified as the emergent church. You could get it fairly readily by finding out what the clergy read in their spare time, then taking the books out of the local library. At some point, you get to the point where you ask yourself, ‘If I believe the Beatitudes and charity are the way forward, why am I not predisposed towards believing the rest of Scripture?‘ And, at that moment, the real journey begins with Bible reading, solemn reflection and prayer. I am today miles away from where I was then, which was not too far from where Rob Bell is now.
I have spent the past few hours reading through what Rob Bell says. Nowhere was there any mention of the Cross, Christ’s propitiation for our sins, the Resurrection, the Ascension, Pentecost or St Paul’s exhortations to the churches. Maybe he’s wrestling with himself wondering whether or how they actually happened. If so, that’s very sad, indeed.
Tomorrow: Another Fuller alum and his theology
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