First of all, a correction: The Foreward to the 1966 ELS CATECHISM says that the text of the previous ELS Catechism was from 1905, not 1906 as I had said. The 1966 Foreward says that it has been
"61 years" since the previous ELS Catechism, which I previously quoted as teaching JBFA.
In the following passages one will be able to note how the Synodical Conference synods Catechisms from 1966 to the present have consistently taught UOJ, whether or not they actually use the terms "Objection/General Justification" or "Subjective/Personal Justification."
Ironically, the Norwegian Synod/ELS English Language Catechism of 1905 was the first English language Synodical Conference synod Catechism, and it clearly taught JBFA; the 1966 ELS CATECHISM was the first English language Synodical Conference synod Catechism to teach OJ/SJ.
[GJ - I believe this is the heart of the Madison (Opgjoer) Settlement issue. The Pieper OJ crowd want to be pure OJ, not OJ and JBFA. So the ELS marched off and took 1,000 OJ people from the Norwegian Synod to become the ELS or "Little Norwegians", a term they loathe. The Norwegian Preus clan adhered to OJ, so they imagined that made them orthodox rather than Pietistic. So when Jack and Bob Preus got fed up at Luther seminary, off to the ELS.]
All the following quotations will be taken from the Explanation of the Third Article, the Forgiveness of Sins of the different Catechisms; Bible passages are omitted:
AN EXPLANATION OF DR. MARTIN LUTHER'S SMALL CATECHISM (ELS) 1966. "Qu. 254: How were you justified? A: I was justified by God the Father, when by His grace He DECLARED ME RIGHTEOUS. Qu. 255: How can God declare the sinner righteous? A: God can declare the sinner righteous because, on the basis of the redemptive work of Christ, He has ACQUITTED ALL MEN of the guilt and punishment of their sins, and has imputed to them the righteousness of Christ; HE THEREFORE REGARDS THEM IN CHRIST AS THOUGH THEY HAD NEVER SINNED. Qu. 256: How does the sinner receive this justification? A: The sinner receives this justification when the Holy Ghost, through the means of grace, leads him to believe that God has forgiven all his sins for Christ's sake. [Note: Throughout these passages it will be noted that the teaching of "Subjective Justification" BY ITSELF is acceptable, but NOT when joined to the teaching of Objective Justification.]
AN EXPLANATION OF DR. MARTIN LUTHER'S SMALL CATECHISM (ELS) 1981. "Qu. 206: Why do you "believe in the forgiveness of sins:? A: I believe in the forgiveness of sins because the Bible assures me that God the Father has by grace FORGIVEN ALL SINNERS AND DECLARED THEM RIGHTEOUS. 207: How can God declare sinners righteous? A: God can declare sinners righteous because, on the basis of the redemptive work of Christ, He has ACQUITTED ALL MEN OF THE GUILT AND PUNISHMENT OF THEIR SINS, AND HAS IMPUTED TO THEM THE RIGHTEOUSNESS OF CHRIST; HE THEREFORE REGARDS THEM IN CHRIST AS THOUGH THEY HAD NEVER SINNED (GENERAL OR OBJECTIVE JUSTIFICATION.) Qu. 208: How do you receive this forgiveness or justification? A: I receive this justification when the Holy Ghost through the means of grace leads me, the sinner, to believe that God has forgiven all my sins for Christ's sake (PERSONAL OR SUBJECTIVE JUSTIFICATION.)"
CATECHISM LESSONS PUPIL'S BOOK by Adolph F. Fehlauer (WELS) 1981. "Lesson 49. Forgiveness of Sins/The Third Article [I believe in] the forgiveness of sins. What does this mean? [I believe that in the Christian church the Holy Ghost] daily and fully forgives all sins to ME AND ALL BELIEVERS {Note: JBFA!!! Then, note the teaching of OJ/SJ following:]...What did Jesus earn for all people? Jesus earned forgiveness for all people. On whom did Jesus put the sins of all people. (A. On Jesus) God accepted Jesus' sacrifice for the sins of the world. What did God do for all people? (A. HE DECLARES THEM RIGHTEOUS.) For whose sake does God declare ALL PEOPLE RIGHTEOUS? GOD DECLARES THAT ALL PEOPLE ARE RIGHTEOUS FOR JESUS' SAKE. What good news did Jesus tell the paralytic man? (A. That his sins were forgiven) What word do we use for the good news of forgiveness of sins? (A. Gospel) What does God offer through the Gospel? Through the Gospel God offers forgiveness of sins. Not all people accept this free offer of forgiveness. Why didn't the Pharisee ask for mercy and forgiveness? (A. He believed that he was just and needed no forgiveness.) Why did the tax collector pray God to have mercy on him? (A. He knew that he was a sinner and believed that God would forgive him his sins.) Who gives us faith to believe in the forgiveness of sins? The good news of forgiveness through faith is proclaimed in the Gospel of Jesus Christ. Who gives us faith to believe the Gospel? The Holy Spirit gives us faith to believe the Gospel. Summary: Jesus earned forgiveness of sins for all people. GOD DECLARES ALL PEOPLE RIGHTEOUS FOR JESUS' SAKE. Through the Gospel God offers forgiveness of sins. The Holy Spirit gives us faith to believe the Gospel. We receive forgiveness through faith in the Gospel. What this means to me: In the Bible God tells me that all my sins are forgiven for Jesus' sake. He is my holy and righteous Savior. God looks upon Jesus' righteousness as my righteousness, and therefore He declares me just and holy (justified). There is nothing I can do to earn my forgiveness and salvation. Jesus has done all that can be done and need be done. But in return for Jesus' love and God's mercy I will want to show my appreciation by thinking, praising, serving, and obeying my merciful Lord and Savior..."
LUTHER'S CATECHISM by David P. Kuske (WELS) 1982. "Qu. 253: How many people did GOD DECLARE RIGHTEOUS? A: GOD DECLARED ALL PEOPLE RIGHTEOUS. (OBJECTIVE JUSTIFICATION)...Qu. 255: Why is it important, then, that the Holy Spirit work faith in me? A: It is important that the Holy Spirit work faith in me so that I do not trust in my own works but only in the righteousness God gives by grace in Christ.
(SUBJECTIVE JUSTIFICATION)"
MARTIN LUTHER'S SMALL CATECHISM: A HANDBOOK OF CHRISTIAN DOCTRINE by Pastor Mike Sydow (CLC) 1988. "Qu. 208: Whom has God justified--declared 'Not guilty'? A: GOD DECLARED ALL PEOPLE IN ALL THE WORLD 'NOT GUILTY' OF THEIR SINS. THIS IS SOMETIMES CALLED UNIVERSAL JUSTIFICATION (OR OBJECTIVE JUSTIFICATION) For Personal Justification, cf. question 210...Qu. 210: How do the benefits of Christ's death become our own? A: The Holy Spirit provides the benefits of Christ's death by giving people faith. THIS IS SOMETIMES CALLED PERSONAL JUSTIFICATION (OR SUBJECTIVE JUSTIFICATION). Personal justification is believing that God has declared me 'Not guilty.'" [Note: Same text in 2000 and 2006 (current) editions.]
LUTHER'S SMALL CATECHISM WITH EXPLANATION (LCMS) 1991. "Qu. 180: Why do you say, 'i believe in the forgiveness of sins'? A: I believe in the forgiveness of sins because through Christ God has DECLARED PARDON AND FORGIVENESS TO ALL SINFUL HUMANITY...Qu. 182. How is it possible for a just and holy God to declare sinners righteous (justification)? A: GOD DECLARES SINNERS RIGHTEOUS FOR CHRIST'S SAKE, THAT IS, OUR SINS HAVE BEEN IMPUTED OR CHARGED TO CHRIST, THE SAVIOR, AND CHRIST'S RIGHTEOUSNESS HAS BEEN IMPUTED OR CREDITED TO US. Qu. 183: Where does God offer the forgiveness of sins?
A: God offers the forgiveness of sins in the Gospel. Qu. 184: How do you receive this forgiveness of sins? A: I receive this forgiveness through faith, that is, by believing the Gospel." (Note: Does this sound similar to the 1981 ELS Catechism, but without the use of the terms "OJ/SJ"?) (Same explanation in both 1991 LCMS Catechism with the NIV and the 2005 LCMS Catechism with the ESV.)
AN EXPLANATION OF DR. MARTIN LUTHER'S SMALL CATECHISM (ELS) 2001: (Note: "Qu. 210-212" are virtually the same as the 1981 ELS Catechism "Qu. 206-208." 2018 edition of 2001 ELS Catechism using the WELS/ELS Wartburg Project's Evangelical Heritage Version translation has identical Explanation to the 2001 ELS Catechism.)
LUTHER'S CATECHISM: THE SMALL CATECHISM OF DR. MARTIN LUTHER (WELS) 2017: "Qu. 218: What did our gracious God do to overturn the judgement against our sin? A: GOD RECONCILED THE WHOLE WORLD TO HIMSELF, THAT IS, HE DECLARED THE WHOLE WORLD NOT GUILTY. Qu. 219: How is it possible that God, who is holy and just, would declare sinners righteous? A: GOD CAN DECLARE SINNERS RIGHTEOUS without violating his justice because he declared Jesus to be guilty of every sin that has ever been or will ever be committed. God made the only one who was without sin to be sin for us. On the cross, Jesus was punished for every sin. BECAUSE OF THE CROSS, THE ENTIRE WORLD HAS BEEN DECLARED TO BE NOT GUILTY. THIS IS TRUE, NOT BECAUSE PEOPLE BELIEVE IT BUT BECAUSE IT TRULY HAPPENED (UNIVERSAL/OBJECTIVE JUSTIFICATION)...Qu. 222: How do we receive the forgiveness of sins that God DECLARED FOR ALL PEOPLE? A: We receive the benefits of what CHRIST DID FOR THE WORLD when the Holy Spirit works the gift of faith in our hearts. WE BELIEVE THE OBJECTIVE TRUTH, THAT GOD HAS DECLARED THE WHOLE WORLD JUSTIFIED BECAUSE OF JESUS' SACRIFICE. THE PERSONAL POSSESSION OF FORGIVENESS BY FAITH IN JESUS IS CALLED SUBJECTIVE JUSTIFICATION."
LUTHER'S SMALL CATECHISM WITH EXPLANATION (LCMS) 2017: (Note: As with the 1991 and 2001 ELS Catechisms, the 1991 and 2017 LCMS Catechisms are very similar, not using the terms "OJ/SJ," but whereas the 1991 LCMS Catechism says in Qu. 180 "God HAS DECLARED..." the 2017 LCMS Catechism says in Qu. 206 "God DECLARES..."
This 2017 LCMS edition of the Small Catechism frequently quotes from the Lutheran Confessions, the only English language Synodical Conference synod Catechism to do so since the J.C. Dietrich Small Catechism, printed by CPH for the LCMS. However, when a quotation is given to support the teaching of the Forgiveness of Sins in the 2017 LCMS Catechism, the quotation which is given is FC Ep III:4, which says (LCMS CONCORDIA Edition, p. 480) "Our righteousness before God is this: God forgives our sins out of pure grace, without any work, merit, or worthiness of ours preceding, present, or following. He presents and credits to us the righteousness of Christ's obedience [Romans 5:17-19]. Because of this righteousness we are received into grace by God and regarded as righteous." What is NOT quoted is what DIRECTLY FOLLOWS in FC Ep III:5: "3. WE BELIEVE, TEACH AND CONFESS THAT FAITH ALONE IS THE MEANS AND INSTRUMENT THROUGH WHICH WE LAY HOLD OF CHRIST. So in Christ we lay hold of that righteousness that benefits us before God [Romans 1:17], FOR WHOSE SAKE THIS FAITH IS CREDITED TO US FOR RIGHTEOUSNESS (Romans 4:5)."
In summary: Before 1966 no Synodical Conference synod Catechism taught Objective/Subjective Justification. That changed with the ELS Catechism of 1966. The 1981 ELS Catechism influenced the 1991/2017 LCMS Catechisms as well as the 2001 (current) ELS Catechism. The WELS Catechisms have been the most open in teaching Objective/Subjective Justification.
You've all heard of the fact that Mormons have to go to their "temples" for certain "ordinances" which teach "secrets" kept from both the "Gentiles" and other Mormons who haven't been to the "temple" themselves, thus creating a "dual Mormon membership," some of whom learn the "secrets" while others don't, and those who don't can't progress to "godhood" without "temple ordinances." Why is it that the Synodical Conference synods taught Objective/Subjective Justification through their English language college and seminary doctrinal theology texts (e.g., A. Graebner, Th. Engelder, J.T. Mueller, EWA Koehler, F. Pieper ) since 1910 (and in their German and Latin language texts before 1910,) but only in their Catechisms for their laity and their children since 1966, if OJ/SJ is such a precious, necessary doctrine to know? --Warren
"61 years" since the previous ELS Catechism, which I previously quoted as teaching JBFA.
In the following passages one will be able to note how the Synodical Conference synods Catechisms from 1966 to the present have consistently taught UOJ, whether or not they actually use the terms "Objection/General Justification" or "Subjective/Personal Justification."
Ironically, the Norwegian Synod/ELS English Language Catechism of 1905 was the first English language Synodical Conference synod Catechism, and it clearly taught JBFA; the 1966 ELS CATECHISM was the first English language Synodical Conference synod Catechism to teach OJ/SJ.
[GJ - I believe this is the heart of the Madison (Opgjoer) Settlement issue. The Pieper OJ crowd want to be pure OJ, not OJ and JBFA. So the ELS marched off and took 1,000 OJ people from the Norwegian Synod to become the ELS or "Little Norwegians", a term they loathe. The Norwegian Preus clan adhered to OJ, so they imagined that made them orthodox rather than Pietistic. So when Jack and Bob Preus got fed up at Luther seminary, off to the ELS.]
All the following quotations will be taken from the Explanation of the Third Article, the Forgiveness of Sins of the different Catechisms; Bible passages are omitted:
AN EXPLANATION OF DR. MARTIN LUTHER'S SMALL CATECHISM (ELS) 1966. "Qu. 254: How were you justified? A: I was justified by God the Father, when by His grace He DECLARED ME RIGHTEOUS. Qu. 255: How can God declare the sinner righteous? A: God can declare the sinner righteous because, on the basis of the redemptive work of Christ, He has ACQUITTED ALL MEN of the guilt and punishment of their sins, and has imputed to them the righteousness of Christ; HE THEREFORE REGARDS THEM IN CHRIST AS THOUGH THEY HAD NEVER SINNED. Qu. 256: How does the sinner receive this justification? A: The sinner receives this justification when the Holy Ghost, through the means of grace, leads him to believe that God has forgiven all his sins for Christ's sake. [Note: Throughout these passages it will be noted that the teaching of "Subjective Justification" BY ITSELF is acceptable, but NOT when joined to the teaching of Objective Justification.]
AN EXPLANATION OF DR. MARTIN LUTHER'S SMALL CATECHISM (ELS) 1981. "Qu. 206: Why do you "believe in the forgiveness of sins:? A: I believe in the forgiveness of sins because the Bible assures me that God the Father has by grace FORGIVEN ALL SINNERS AND DECLARED THEM RIGHTEOUS. 207: How can God declare sinners righteous? A: God can declare sinners righteous because, on the basis of the redemptive work of Christ, He has ACQUITTED ALL MEN OF THE GUILT AND PUNISHMENT OF THEIR SINS, AND HAS IMPUTED TO THEM THE RIGHTEOUSNESS OF CHRIST; HE THEREFORE REGARDS THEM IN CHRIST AS THOUGH THEY HAD NEVER SINNED (GENERAL OR OBJECTIVE JUSTIFICATION.) Qu. 208: How do you receive this forgiveness or justification? A: I receive this justification when the Holy Ghost through the means of grace leads me, the sinner, to believe that God has forgiven all my sins for Christ's sake (PERSONAL OR SUBJECTIVE JUSTIFICATION.)"
CATECHISM LESSONS PUPIL'S BOOK by Adolph F. Fehlauer (WELS) 1981. "Lesson 49. Forgiveness of Sins/The Third Article [I believe in] the forgiveness of sins. What does this mean? [I believe that in the Christian church the Holy Ghost] daily and fully forgives all sins to ME AND ALL BELIEVERS {Note: JBFA!!! Then, note the teaching of OJ/SJ following:]...What did Jesus earn for all people? Jesus earned forgiveness for all people. On whom did Jesus put the sins of all people. (A. On Jesus) God accepted Jesus' sacrifice for the sins of the world. What did God do for all people? (A. HE DECLARES THEM RIGHTEOUS.) For whose sake does God declare ALL PEOPLE RIGHTEOUS? GOD DECLARES THAT ALL PEOPLE ARE RIGHTEOUS FOR JESUS' SAKE. What good news did Jesus tell the paralytic man? (A. That his sins were forgiven) What word do we use for the good news of forgiveness of sins? (A. Gospel) What does God offer through the Gospel? Through the Gospel God offers forgiveness of sins. Not all people accept this free offer of forgiveness. Why didn't the Pharisee ask for mercy and forgiveness? (A. He believed that he was just and needed no forgiveness.) Why did the tax collector pray God to have mercy on him? (A. He knew that he was a sinner and believed that God would forgive him his sins.) Who gives us faith to believe in the forgiveness of sins? The good news of forgiveness through faith is proclaimed in the Gospel of Jesus Christ. Who gives us faith to believe the Gospel? The Holy Spirit gives us faith to believe the Gospel. Summary: Jesus earned forgiveness of sins for all people. GOD DECLARES ALL PEOPLE RIGHTEOUS FOR JESUS' SAKE. Through the Gospel God offers forgiveness of sins. The Holy Spirit gives us faith to believe the Gospel. We receive forgiveness through faith in the Gospel. What this means to me: In the Bible God tells me that all my sins are forgiven for Jesus' sake. He is my holy and righteous Savior. God looks upon Jesus' righteousness as my righteousness, and therefore He declares me just and holy (justified). There is nothing I can do to earn my forgiveness and salvation. Jesus has done all that can be done and need be done. But in return for Jesus' love and God's mercy I will want to show my appreciation by thinking, praising, serving, and obeying my merciful Lord and Savior..."
LUTHER'S CATECHISM by David P. Kuske (WELS) 1982. "Qu. 253: How many people did GOD DECLARE RIGHTEOUS? A: GOD DECLARED ALL PEOPLE RIGHTEOUS. (OBJECTIVE JUSTIFICATION)...Qu. 255: Why is it important, then, that the Holy Spirit work faith in me? A: It is important that the Holy Spirit work faith in me so that I do not trust in my own works but only in the righteousness God gives by grace in Christ.
(SUBJECTIVE JUSTIFICATION)"
MARTIN LUTHER'S SMALL CATECHISM: A HANDBOOK OF CHRISTIAN DOCTRINE by Pastor Mike Sydow (CLC) 1988. "Qu. 208: Whom has God justified--declared 'Not guilty'? A: GOD DECLARED ALL PEOPLE IN ALL THE WORLD 'NOT GUILTY' OF THEIR SINS. THIS IS SOMETIMES CALLED UNIVERSAL JUSTIFICATION (OR OBJECTIVE JUSTIFICATION) For Personal Justification, cf. question 210...Qu. 210: How do the benefits of Christ's death become our own? A: The Holy Spirit provides the benefits of Christ's death by giving people faith. THIS IS SOMETIMES CALLED PERSONAL JUSTIFICATION (OR SUBJECTIVE JUSTIFICATION). Personal justification is believing that God has declared me 'Not guilty.'" [Note: Same text in 2000 and 2006 (current) editions.]
LUTHER'S SMALL CATECHISM WITH EXPLANATION (LCMS) 1991. "Qu. 180: Why do you say, 'i believe in the forgiveness of sins'? A: I believe in the forgiveness of sins because through Christ God has DECLARED PARDON AND FORGIVENESS TO ALL SINFUL HUMANITY...Qu. 182. How is it possible for a just and holy God to declare sinners righteous (justification)? A: GOD DECLARES SINNERS RIGHTEOUS FOR CHRIST'S SAKE, THAT IS, OUR SINS HAVE BEEN IMPUTED OR CHARGED TO CHRIST, THE SAVIOR, AND CHRIST'S RIGHTEOUSNESS HAS BEEN IMPUTED OR CREDITED TO US. Qu. 183: Where does God offer the forgiveness of sins?
A: God offers the forgiveness of sins in the Gospel. Qu. 184: How do you receive this forgiveness of sins? A: I receive this forgiveness through faith, that is, by believing the Gospel." (Note: Does this sound similar to the 1981 ELS Catechism, but without the use of the terms "OJ/SJ"?) (Same explanation in both 1991 LCMS Catechism with the NIV and the 2005 LCMS Catechism with the ESV.)
AN EXPLANATION OF DR. MARTIN LUTHER'S SMALL CATECHISM (ELS) 2001: (Note: "Qu. 210-212" are virtually the same as the 1981 ELS Catechism "Qu. 206-208." 2018 edition of 2001 ELS Catechism using the WELS/ELS Wartburg Project's Evangelical Heritage Version translation has identical Explanation to the 2001 ELS Catechism.)
LUTHER'S CATECHISM: THE SMALL CATECHISM OF DR. MARTIN LUTHER (WELS) 2017: "Qu. 218: What did our gracious God do to overturn the judgement against our sin? A: GOD RECONCILED THE WHOLE WORLD TO HIMSELF, THAT IS, HE DECLARED THE WHOLE WORLD NOT GUILTY. Qu. 219: How is it possible that God, who is holy and just, would declare sinners righteous? A: GOD CAN DECLARE SINNERS RIGHTEOUS without violating his justice because he declared Jesus to be guilty of every sin that has ever been or will ever be committed. God made the only one who was without sin to be sin for us. On the cross, Jesus was punished for every sin. BECAUSE OF THE CROSS, THE ENTIRE WORLD HAS BEEN DECLARED TO BE NOT GUILTY. THIS IS TRUE, NOT BECAUSE PEOPLE BELIEVE IT BUT BECAUSE IT TRULY HAPPENED (UNIVERSAL/OBJECTIVE JUSTIFICATION)...Qu. 222: How do we receive the forgiveness of sins that God DECLARED FOR ALL PEOPLE? A: We receive the benefits of what CHRIST DID FOR THE WORLD when the Holy Spirit works the gift of faith in our hearts. WE BELIEVE THE OBJECTIVE TRUTH, THAT GOD HAS DECLARED THE WHOLE WORLD JUSTIFIED BECAUSE OF JESUS' SACRIFICE. THE PERSONAL POSSESSION OF FORGIVENESS BY FAITH IN JESUS IS CALLED SUBJECTIVE JUSTIFICATION."
LUTHER'S SMALL CATECHISM WITH EXPLANATION (LCMS) 2017: (Note: As with the 1991 and 2001 ELS Catechisms, the 1991 and 2017 LCMS Catechisms are very similar, not using the terms "OJ/SJ," but whereas the 1991 LCMS Catechism says in Qu. 180 "God HAS DECLARED..." the 2017 LCMS Catechism says in Qu. 206 "God DECLARES..."
This 2017 LCMS edition of the Small Catechism frequently quotes from the Lutheran Confessions, the only English language Synodical Conference synod Catechism to do so since the J.C. Dietrich Small Catechism, printed by CPH for the LCMS. However, when a quotation is given to support the teaching of the Forgiveness of Sins in the 2017 LCMS Catechism, the quotation which is given is FC Ep III:4, which says (LCMS CONCORDIA Edition, p. 480) "Our righteousness before God is this: God forgives our sins out of pure grace, without any work, merit, or worthiness of ours preceding, present, or following. He presents and credits to us the righteousness of Christ's obedience [Romans 5:17-19]. Because of this righteousness we are received into grace by God and regarded as righteous." What is NOT quoted is what DIRECTLY FOLLOWS in FC Ep III:5: "3. WE BELIEVE, TEACH AND CONFESS THAT FAITH ALONE IS THE MEANS AND INSTRUMENT THROUGH WHICH WE LAY HOLD OF CHRIST. So in Christ we lay hold of that righteousness that benefits us before God [Romans 1:17], FOR WHOSE SAKE THIS FAITH IS CREDITED TO US FOR RIGHTEOUSNESS (Romans 4:5)."
In summary: Before 1966 no Synodical Conference synod Catechism taught Objective/Subjective Justification. That changed with the ELS Catechism of 1966. The 1981 ELS Catechism influenced the 1991/2017 LCMS Catechisms as well as the 2001 (current) ELS Catechism. The WELS Catechisms have been the most open in teaching Objective/Subjective Justification.
You've all heard of the fact that Mormons have to go to their "temples" for certain "ordinances" which teach "secrets" kept from both the "Gentiles" and other Mormons who haven't been to the "temple" themselves, thus creating a "dual Mormon membership," some of whom learn the "secrets" while others don't, and those who don't can't progress to "godhood" without "temple ordinances." Why is it that the Synodical Conference synods taught Objective/Subjective Justification through their English language college and seminary doctrinal theology texts (e.g., A. Graebner, Th. Engelder, J.T. Mueller, EWA Koehler, F. Pieper ) since 1910 (and in their German and Latin language texts before 1910,) but only in their Catechisms for their laity and their children since 1966, if OJ/SJ is such a precious, necessary doctrine to know? --Warren
